一、增譯法

指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時(shí)增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時(shí)候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動(dòng)語態(tài)或“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補(bǔ)出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關(guān)的事物時(shí)，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)需要增補(bǔ)物主代詞，而在英譯漢時(shí)又需要根據(jù)情況適當(dāng)?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關(guān)系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關(guān)系。因此，在漢譯英時(shí)常常需要增補(bǔ)連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時(shí)還要注意增補(bǔ)一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整?？傊?，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。如：

①、What about calling him right away?

馬上給他打個(gè)電話，你覺得如何？ （增譯主語和謂語）

②、If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化實(shí)現(xiàn)該有多好啊?。ㄔ鲎g主句）

③、Indeed, the reverse is true.

實(shí)際情況恰好相反。（增譯名詞）

④、就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權(quán)。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.（增譯物主代詞）

⑤、只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. （增譯連詞）

⑥、這是我們兩國人民的又一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.（增譯介詞）

⑦、在人權(quán)領(lǐng)域，中國反對(duì)以大欺小、以強(qiáng)凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.（增譯暗含詞語）

⑧、三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.（增譯注釋性詞語）

二、省譯法

這是與增譯法相對(duì)應(yīng)的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標(biāo)語思維習(xí)慣、語言習(xí)慣和表達(dá)方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。又如：

①、You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.

你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）

②、I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）

③、中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護(hù)工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. （省譯名詞）

三、轉(zhuǎn)換法

指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標(biāo)語的表述方式、方法和習(xí)慣而對(duì)原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。具體的說，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞；把動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面，把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語；把謂語變成主語、定語、表語；把定語變成狀語、主語；把賓語變成主語。在句型方面，把并列句變成復(fù)合句，把復(fù)合句變成并列句，把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面，可以把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如：

①、我們學(xué)院受教委和市政府的雙重領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。

Our instituteis co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. （名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞）

②、Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.

孩子們看電視過多會(huì)大大地?fù)p壞視力。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞）

③、由于我們實(shí)行了改革開放政策，我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強(qiáng)。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved. （動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）

④、I’m all for you opinion.

我完全贊成你的意見。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞）

⑤、The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.

改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護(hù)。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）

⑥、In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.

作者在文章中，對(duì)人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評(píng)。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞）

⑦、In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些歐洲國家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會(huì)福利，如醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)等。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

⑧、時(shí)間不早了，我們回去吧！

We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. （句型轉(zhuǎn)換）

⑨、學(xué)生們都應(yīng)該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. （名詞轉(zhuǎn)副詞）

四、拆句法和合并法

這是兩種相對(duì)應(yīng)的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個(gè)長而復(fù)雜的句子拆譯成若干個(gè)較短、較簡(jiǎn)單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個(gè)短句合并成一個(gè)長句，一般用于漢譯英。漢語強(qiáng)調(diào)意合，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，因此簡(jiǎn)單句較多；英語強(qiáng)調(diào)形合，結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴(yán)密，因此長句較多。所以漢譯英時(shí)要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語短句連成長句；而英譯漢時(shí)又常常要在原句的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉(zhuǎn)折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結(jié)束處將長句切斷，譯成漢語分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語語序，順譯全句，順應(yīng)現(xiàn)代漢語長短句相替、單復(fù)句相間的句法修辭原則。如：

①、Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.

同中國加強(qiáng)合作，符合美國的利益。 （在主謂連接處拆譯）

②、I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感謝你們無與倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。（在定語從句前拆譯）

③、This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account.

英聯(lián)邦各國尤其如此，它們認(rèn)為英國加入歐共體，將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。（在定語從句前拆譯）

④、中國是個(gè)大國，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。

China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合譯）

五、正譯法和反譯法

這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語相同的語序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語相反的語序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語的思維方式和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此比較地道。如：

①、在美國，人人都能買到槍。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. （正譯）

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. （反譯）

②、你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正譯）

This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反譯）

③、他突然想到了一個(gè)新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea. （正譯）

He suddenly thought out a new idea. （正譯）

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反譯）

④、他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me. （正譯）

Still he failed to understand me. （反譯）

⑤、無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學(xué)生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. （正譯）

She is anything but a bright student. （反譯）

⑥、Please withholdthe document for the time being.

請(qǐng)暫時(shí)扣下這份文件。（正譯）

請(qǐng)暫時(shí)不要發(fā)這份文件。（反譯）

六、倒置法

在漢語中，定語修飾語和狀語修飾語往往位于被修飾語之前；在英語中，許多修飾語常常位于被修飾語之后，因此翻譯時(shí)往往要把原文的語序顛倒過來。倒置法通常用于英譯漢, 即對(duì)英語長句按照漢語的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法進(jìn)行前后調(diào)換，按意群或進(jìn)行全部倒置，原則是使?jié)h語譯句安排符合現(xiàn)代漢語論理敘事的一般邏輯順序。有時(shí)倒置法也用于漢譯英。如：

①、At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

此時(shí)此刻，通過現(xiàn)代通信手段的奇跡，看到和聽到我們講話的人比整個(gè)世界歷史上任何其他這樣的場(chǎng)合都要多。（部分倒置）

②、I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.

我堅(jiān)信，英國依然應(yīng)該是歐共體中的一個(gè)積極的和充滿活力的成員，這是符合我國人民利益的。（部分倒置）

③、改革開放以來，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.（全部倒置）

七、包孕法

這種方法多用于英譯漢。所謂包孕是指在把英語長句譯成漢語時(shí)，把英語后置成分按照漢語的正常語序放在中心詞之前，使修飾成分在漢語句中形成前置包孕。但修飾成分不宜過長，否則會(huì)形成拖沓或造成漢語句子成分在連接上的糾葛。如：

①、You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.

您是一位來自于使中國倍感親切的國家和大洲的代表。

②、What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences.

使我們走到一起的，是我們有超越這些分歧的共同利。

八、插入法

指把難以處理的句子成分用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)或前后逗號(hào)插入譯句中。這種方法主要用于筆譯中。偶爾也用于口譯中，即用同位語、插入語或定語從句來處理一些解釋性成分。

如：如果說宣布收回香港就會(huì)像夫人說的"帶來災(zāi)難性的影響"，那我們要勇敢地面對(duì)這個(gè)災(zāi)難，做出決策。

If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, "disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarelyand make a new policy decision.

九、重組法

指在進(jìn)行英譯漢時(shí)，為了使譯文流暢和更符合漢語敘事論理的習(xí)慣，在捋清英語長句的結(jié)構(gòu)、弄懂英語原意的基礎(chǔ)上，徹底擺脫原文語序和句子形式，對(duì)句子進(jìn)行重新組合。

如：Decision must be made very rapidly; physical enduranceis tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.

必須把大量時(shí)間花在確保關(guān)鍵人物均根據(jù)同一情報(bào)和目的行事，而這一切對(duì)身體的耐力和思維能力都是一大考驗(yàn)。因此，一旦考慮成熟，決策者就應(yīng)迅速做出決策。

十、綜合法

是指單用某種翻譯技巧無法譯出時(shí)，著眼篇章，以邏輯分析為基礎(chǔ)，同時(shí)使用轉(zhuǎn)換法、倒置法、增譯法、省譯法、拆句法等多種翻譯技巧的方法。

如：How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television program industry which is competitive in the world market, forward-looking and capable of radiatingthe influence of European culture and of creating jobs in Europe?

歐洲聯(lián)盟應(yīng)該怎樣做才能對(duì)歐洲的電影電視工業(yè)有所貢獻(xiàn)，使它在國際市場(chǎng)上具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，使它有能力發(fā)揮歐洲文化的影響，并且能夠在歐洲創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)呢？

可以作為及物動(dòng)詞，例如：Therobberisburningdownthehouse.（那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜正在燒毀那間房子）也可以作為不及物動(dòng)詞，例如：Thehouseisburning.(那間房子正在燃燒）可以用被動(dòng)語態(tài)：例如：Thehousewasburntdownlastnight.(昨天晚上那間房子被燒毀了）

amen 阿門；

anon 不久,立刻,以后；

aeon 永世,無數(shù)的年代；

bean 豆，蠶豆；

barn 谷倉；牲口棚；

boon 恩惠；

born 天生的；出生的；

bran 糠,麩；

burn 燃燒；

cain 該隱；

chin 頦，下巴；

clan 氏族,宗族；

coin 硬幣；

coon 浣熊；

corn 谷物；

damn 詛咒；

darn 縫補(bǔ)；

down 向下；

earn 賺得；

elan 精力；

不可阻擋 (Burn It All down) (2021英雄聯(lián)盟全球總決賽主題曲) - 英雄聯(lián)盟

詞：Alex Seaver

演唱： PVRIS

This ain't where the legends come from

You're not what a hero looks like

Pretty little flower won't you sit back down and go play nice

Keep talking keep laughing

One day you'll wish you hadn't

All the people want fire fire

Maybe it's time they meet their dragon

If you're gonna hold me down

And you're not gonna let me in

Into your castle walls

None of you can keep them

Cause if I gotta

Bu bu burn it all down

Then we'll burn it all down

My oh my look at who end up bigger this time

And if I gotta

Bu bu break it all down

Then let's break it all down

Bye bye bye

Playing with fire

And we burn it all down

This is where the bruises come from

This is when the game gets ugly

These blood sweat tears keep running

Licking my plate 'cause I'm so hungry

Keep talking keep laughing

One day you'll see what happens

All the people want fire fire

It's about time they meet their dragon

If you're gonna hold me down

And you're not gonna let me in

Into your castle walls

None of you can keep them

Cause if I gotta

Bu bu burn it all down

Then we'll burn it all down

My oh my look at who end up bigger this time

And if I gotta

Bu bu break it all down

Then let's break it all down

Bye bye bye

Playing with fire

And we burn it all down

It starts right now

Baby you're surrounded

Put your money where your mouth is

Bury your doubts under the ground

And they gonna watch you step over the ashes

Right now I'm taking my turn with the matches

Cause if I gotta

Bu bu burn it all down

Then we'll burn it all down

My oh my look at who end up bigger this time

And if I gotta

Bu bu break it all down

Then let's break it all down

Bye bye bye

Playing with fire

And we burn it all down

Easy come, Easy go

召之即來 揮之即去

That's just how you live, oh

這就是你的生活方式

Take, take, take it all,

拿，拿，拿走我的全部

but you never give

但你從不會(huì)付出

Should've known you was trouble from the first kiss

從第一個(gè)吻開始 我就知道你是一個(gè)麻煩

had your eyes wide open, Why were they open?

因?yàn)橛H吻時(shí)你睜著眼睛 為何你的眼睛會(huì)睜開

Gave you all I had and you tossed it in the trash

給你我的所有 但你卻把它扔進(jìn)垃圾桶

You tossed it in the trash, you did

沒錯(cuò) 你把它全部扔進(jìn)垃圾桶

To give me all your love is all I ever asked

我只求你能夠給我所有的愛

Cause what you don't understand is

因?yàn)槟憧偸遣幻靼?

I'd catch a grenade for ya.

我會(huì)為你接住點(diǎn)燃的手雷

Throw my hand on the blade for ya,

我會(huì)用手臂為你擋下刀刃

I'd jump in front of a train for ya.

我會(huì)用身體為你阻擋火車

You know I'd do anything for ya.

你知道我會(huì)為你做任何事

I would go through all this pain,

我會(huì)為你忍受所有苦痛

Take a bullet straight through my brain.

哪怕是讓子彈穿過我的頭顱

Yes, I would die for you ya baby,

沒錯(cuò) 寶貝我可以為你而死

But you won't do the same.

但你卻不會(huì)這樣做

No, No, No, No

不，不，不，不

black, black, black and blue，beat me till I'm numb

倍受打擊 遍體鱗傷 我已經(jīng)變得麻木

Tell the devil I said 'hey' when you get back to where you're from.

我對(duì)惡魔說：你何時(shí)才能回到你來的地方

mad women bad women, That's just what you are,

瘋女人 壞女人 你就是這樣的女人

Yeah，You'll smile in my face than rip the brakes out my car.

對(duì) 你會(huì)對(duì)著我微笑 然后摧毀剎車讓我跌至深崖

Gave you all I had and you tossed it in the trash,

給了你我的所有，但你卻把它扔進(jìn)垃圾桶

You tossed it in the trash, yes, you did.

沒錯(cuò) 你把它全部扔進(jìn)垃圾桶

To give me all your fucking love is all I ever asked

我只要求你能夠給我所有的愛

But what you don't understand is...

因?yàn)槟憧偸遣幻靼?

I'd catch a grenade for ya.

我會(huì)為你接住點(diǎn)燃的手雷

Throw my hand on the blade for ya,

我會(huì)用手臂為你擋下刀刃

I‘d jump in front of a train for ya.

我會(huì)用身體為你阻擋火車

You know I'd do anything for ya.

你知道我會(huì)為你做任何事

Oh, Oh

哦 噢

I would go through all this pain,

我會(huì)為你忍受所有苦痛

Take a bullet straight through my brain.

哪怕是讓子彈穿過我的頭顱

Yes, I would die for you baby,

沒錯(cuò) 寶貝我可以為你而死

But you won't do the same.

但你卻不愿為我付出

If my body was on fire

若我身上開始著火

Oh you'd would watch me burn down in flames.

噢 你會(huì)看著我燒成灰燼

You said you loved me, you're a liar

你說你愛我，你在撒謊

Cause you never, ever, ever did, baby

因?yàn)槟銖膩?從來 從來就沒愛過我 寶貝

But darling I'll still catch a grenade for ya.

但親愛的我仍會(huì)為你接住點(diǎn)燃的手雷

Throw my hand on the blade for ya,

我會(huì)用手臂為你擋下刀刃

I'd jump in front of a train for ya.

我會(huì)用身體為你阻擋火車

You know I'd do anything for ya.

你知道我會(huì)為你做任何

Oh, Oh, I would go through all this pain,

我會(huì)為你忍受所有苦痛

Take a bullet straight through my brain.

哪怕是讓子彈穿過我的頭顱

Yes, I would die for you baby,

沒錯(cuò) 寶貝我可以為你而死

But you won't do the same.

但你卻不會(huì)這樣做

You wouldn't do the same.

你卻不會(huì)像我一樣

Oh, you never do the same.

噢，你從未如我一樣

No, No, No, No...

不，不，不，不...